![]() propylene glycol peak: resonates at 1.N-acetylaspartate (NAA) peak: resonates at 2.0 ppm.glutamine-glutamate peak: resonates at 2.2-2.4 ppm.gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) peak: resonates at 2.2-2.4 ppm.2-hydroxyglutarate peak: resonates at 2.25 ppm.arterial spin labelling (ASL) MR perfusion.dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion.dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion.metal artifact reduction sequence (MARS).turbo inversion recovery magnitude (TIRM).fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR).diffusion tensor imaging and fibre tractography.MRI pulse sequences ( basics | abbreviations | parameters).iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis. ![]() iodinated contrast media adverse reactions.clinical applications of dual-energy CT.as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).History and etymologyĮxperimental confirmation of electron capture was first reported by Luis Alvarez in 1936 for Vanadium-48 5. The significance of electron capture decay pathway being that no electrons are emitted and therefore reduced risk to adjacent tissue. Medical ApplicationsĪn isotope making use of electron decay is iodine-123 as a tracer in thyroid imaging 4 which decays by electron capture to tellurium-123 which emits a low energy gamma ray for detection. Typically, it occurs in heavy nuclei with a relative abundance of protons or where insufficient decay energy exists for positron emission to occur 3. Electron Capture Decay with gamma ray emission. These transitions may result in the loss of an outer orbital electron, where it is ejected as an Auger electron.Įlectron capture is rarely an exclusive decay mode and typically occurs alongside beta-plus decay within the radioactive sample. The atomic number of the parent is reduced by 1 in this process. The vacancy left by this electron is then filled by an outer orbital electron setting off a cascade of electron transitions with their associated characteristic x-rays emission. A continuous spectra of Bremsstrahlung is radiated as the inner shell electron is propelled towards the nucleus. The electron capture decay pathway is usually associated with several other processes. The decay energy is almost wholly transferred to the emitted neutrino with a characteristic quanta of energy. The decay pathway has similarities to beta decay and is often termed inverse beta decay 2. Note the reduction in atomic number but conservation of mass number in the daughter nucleus. The electron on the left side of the equation is usually absorbed from the K or L shell of the parent nucleus. Isot.The nuclear reaction depicting electron capture decay is: C 41, 030003 (2017)Ĭharged particle cross section database for medical radioisotope production. Qtool: Calculation of Reaction Q-values and thresholds, Los Alamos National Laboratory, T-2 Nuclear Information Service. NuDat 3.0 software, National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Available from: IAEA-TECDOC-1863, Gallium-68 cyclotron production, Vienna, 2019 IAEA-TECDOC-2, Production of long-lived parent radionuclides for generators: 68Ge, 82Sr, 90Sr and 188W, Vienna, 2010 IAEA-TECDOC-468, Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods, Vienna, 2009 Cross section data of the present work are found to be in good agreement with the literature data within experimental uncertainties for 68Ge, 66Ga and 65Zn while there are significant differences for 67Ga and 69Ge. The experimentally measured cross section data were compared with the earlier published literature data and theoretical data from TENDL-2021 nuclear data library based on the TALYS-1.96 code. Using the experimentally measured cross section data and stopping power of natural Zn, thick target yields were calculated for these medicinally important radionuclides. Activation cross sections of long-lived radioisotopes of 68,69Ge, 66,67Ga and 65Zn produced from alpha irradiation of natural Zn targets were measured from their respective threshold up to 46.3 MeV. Production and radiochemical separation of a particular radioisotope from natural zinc target with minimum contamination from other isotopes require accurate activation cross section data of all the produced radionuclides. So 68Ga can be produced for its practical application in medicine using 68Ge/ 68Ga generator where in-house medical cyclotron facilities are unavailable. They have different applications in diagnosis and therapy in nuclear medicine depending on their decay properties and half-lives. Three medicinally important radioisotopes of Ga, 66,67,68Ga, having half-lives ranging from minutes to days, could be produced from natZn(α,x) reactions.
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